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Vol. 38 (Nº 29) Año 2017. Pág. 22

Análise e perspectivas de alternativas para destinação de resíduos de rochas ornamentais através de um estudo bibliométrico

Analysis and perspectives of alternatives for the destination of ornamental stone residues through a bibliometric study

MARINHO, Erica Z. 1; ROCHA, Renan C. 2; GALDINO, André G. de S. 3

Recibido:13/01/2017 • Aprobado: 18/02/2017


Conteúdo

1. Introdução

2. Metodologia

3. Resultados

4. Conclusões

Referências bibliográficas


RESUMO:

Este trabalho traz uma análise e perspectivas de alternativas para destinação de resíduos de rochas ornamentais através de um estudo bibliométrico. O estudo foi realizado em dezembro de 2016 e considerou artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos na plataforma ScienceDirect (Elsevier). Os artigos foram classificados por áreas de reaproveitamento do resíduo, periódico, ano e região geográfica. Constatou-se que há tendência crescente no número de publicações e a maior área de reaproveitamento é a construção civil.
Palavras chave: Resíduos de rochas ornamentais, reaproveitamento, estudo bibliométrico.

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents an analysis and perspectives of alternatives for the destination of ornamental stone residues through a bibliometric study. The study was conducted in December 2016 and considered articles published in the last five years on the platform ScienceDirect (Elsevier). Articles were classified by areas of reuse of the waste, periodical, year and geographic region. It was observed that there is an increasing trend in the number of publications and the largest reuse area is civil construction.
Key words: Ornamental stone residues, reuse, bibliometric study

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1. Introdução

As rochas ornamentais são materiais rochosos extraídos e beneficiados com finalidade de uso estrutural, de revestimento ou de decoração. Comercialmente, as rochas ornamentais são divididas principalmente em mármores e granitos (Cetem, 2013). Essas rochas são reconhecidas pela qualidade, durabilidade, variedade e beleza o que explica seu uso na maioria dos projetos arquitetônicos mundiais.

No Brasil a indústria de rochas ornamentais é expressiva. Em 2014, o país foi o quarto maior produtor mundial e o quinto maior exportador. O estado do Espírito Santo lidera o ranking nacional como maior produtor, tanto na lavra quanto no beneficiamento, e também como maior exportador (Montani, 2015). Em 2015, a produção brasileira de rochas ornamentais foi de cerca de 9,5 milhões de toneladas, aproximadamente 7% da produção mundial. As rochas ornamentais foram o quinto maior produto de base mineral exportado pelo Brasil, totalizando 2,32 milhões de toneladas, que corresponde a US$ 1,21 bilhão e gerando US$ 1,17 bilhão de saldo positivo na balança comercial brasileira (Abirochas, 2015).

Porém, essa indústria também gera degradação de áreas naturais no processo de lavra das rochas e grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos no processo de beneficiamento (Cetem, 2013). Baseado em dados da Abirochas (2015) estima-se que foram gerados cerca de 2,5 milhões de toneladas somente de resíduos finos e ultrafinos, como efluentes, em forma de lama no Brasil no ano de 2015. Esses efluentes ficam armazenados nas serrarias em lagoas abertas e são um problema para os empresários que não conseguem uma melhor destinação aos Resíduos de Rochas Ornamentais (RRO).

Temas ambientais, como os RRO têm tomado cada vez mais importância no cenário mundial devido às alterações climáticas e à poluição que se agravaram após a Revolução Industrial. A Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente e o Desenvolvimento, em 1992, consolidou em nível mundial a necessidade de desenvolvimento sustentável.  

Nesse contexto, o artigo destina-se a avaliar a dinâmica e a evolução da informação científica sobre o uso dos RRO com o objetivo de identificar as alternativas de destinação adequada desses resíduos industriais, de forma que sejam reaproveitados ao invés de descartados. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica com termos correlatos ao tema na plataforma ScienceDirect, da Elsevier, com auxílio do Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

1.1. Resíduos de rochas ornamentais

Neste estudo, os RRO são considerados resíduos finos originários do processo de beneficiamento das rochas ornamentais. Eles podem ter composição à base de silicato se provenientes de granito ou composição à base de carbonato se provenientes de mármore (Chiodi Filho, 2002).

No Brasil, o RRO é classificado de acordo com a norma regulamentadora NBR 10004:2004 como resíduo não perigoso e inerte (ABNT, 2004). Entretanto, os estudos de classificação ambiental de Braga, Buzzi, Couto & Lange (2010) e Manhães & Holanda (2008) afirmam que os RRO podem ser classificados como resíduo não perigoso e não inerte. Também o estudo de De Freitas, Raymundo, & De Jesus (2012) classifica os RRO como resíduo perigoso. Assim, esses resíduos podem prejudicar o meio ambiente se não dispostos adequadamente.

Os RRO, além de prejudicarem o meio ambiente, também causam transtorno para os empresários do setor no Brasil devido ao grande volume gerado e aos custos de transporte e aterro dos mesmos.

No processo de beneficiamento, aproximadamente 26% das rochas extraídas se transformam em resíduos finos (2-0,075 mm) e ultrafinos (<0,075 mm) na forma de efluente, que são basicamente uma mistura de pó de rocha, água e insumos de serragem e polimento, do qual aproximadamente 95% da água é recirculada no processo e os sólidos ficam dispostos nos pátios das serrarias e posteriormente são destinados a aterros (Cetem, 2013). Dessa forma, usando como base os dados da Abirochas (2015), estima-se que foram gerados aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de toneladas somente de resíduos finos e ultrafinos, como efluentes, em forma de lama no Brasil no ano de 2015.

2. Metodologia

Este estudo está classificado de acordo com Vergara (2013) como descritivo e exploratório, sendo utilizadas as estratégias de pesquisa bibiográfica e documental, com abordagem quantitativa.

Foi realizado estudo bibliométrico sobre reaproveitamento de RRO nos artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos na plataforma ScienceDirect, da Elsevier, com o auxílio do portal de periódicos da CAPES. O levantamento ocorreu no mês de dezembro de 2016 com o uso das palavras-chave “granite”, “marble”, “ornamental stone”, “natural stone”, “ornamental rock” e “natural rock”, associadas às palavras-chave “residue”, “waste”, “powder”, “dust”, “sludge”, “slurry” e “tailings” (com suas respectivas formas no plural) através do uso do operador booleano AND.

A busca foi realizada em diversas etapas. Em cada etapa foram combinadas duas palavras-chave, por exemplo, “granite” AND “residue”, depois “granite” AND “waste”, etc. No total foram feitas 42 combinações de palavras-chave.

Após leitura e resumo dos artigos gerados pela busca, foram encontrados 108 artigos relacionados ao reaproveitamento do RRO. As informações dos 108 artigos selecionados foram exportadas para o EndNote®, e posteriormente convertidas em arquivo de texto, que foi exportado para o Microsoft Excel®, no qual foi realizada a análise dos dados e a confecção das tabelas e gráficos que compõem este estudo.

3. Resultados

Para avaliar a dinâmica e a evolução da informação científica sobre o uso dos RRO e alcançar o objetivo deste estudo, que é identificar as alternativas para uma melhor destinação desses resíduos industriais, foi realizada leitura do título e resumo dos 108 artigos selecionados para serem classificados em diversas áreas de reaproveitamento. A tabela 1 apresenta o resumo dos resultados.

Tabela 1 - Resumo sobre as pesquisas atuais de reaproveitamento de RRO na plataforma ScienceDirect.

Ano

Título

Aplicação

1

2011

Characterization of eco-cement paste produced from waste sludges

Cimento

2

2011

Cr-doped perovskite and rutile pigments derived from industrial by-products

Pigmento inorgânico

3

2011

Effect of mineral admixtures on properties of self-compacting concrete

Concreto

4

2011

Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete

Concreto

5

2011

High-strength rice husk ash concrete incorporating quarry dust as a partial substitute for sand

Concreto

6

2011

Performance of self-compacting concrete containing different mineral admixtures

Concreto

7

2011

Predicting the core compressive strength of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures with mineral additives using artificial neural network

Concreto

8

2011

Recycled aggregate concrete produced with red granite dust as a partial cement replacement

Concreto

9

2011

Reuse of ornamental rock-cutting waste in aluminous porcelain

Porcelana aluminosa

10

2011

Reuse of sludge from the decorative quartz industry in hot bituminous mixes

Asfalto

11

2011

The use of solid residues derived from different industrial activities to obtain calcium silicates for use as insulating construction materials

Tijolo

12

2011

Use of waste marble aggregates in concrete

Concreto

13

2011

Utilization of muscovite granite waste in the manufacture of ceramic tiles

Ladrilho cerâmico

14

2012

An overview of using solid wastes for pigment industry

Pigmento inorgânico

15

2012

Characterization of stone powder sludge foams and their application to wastewater treatment: Role of pore connectivity

Tratamento de água

16

2012

Combining mineral and clay-based wastes to produce porcelain-like ceramics: An exploratory study

Cerâmica

17

2012

Effect of marble waste and pig slurry on the growth of native vegetation and heavy metal mobility in a mine tailing pond

Tratamento de solo

18

2012

Effect of natural pozzolana and marble powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete

Concreto

19

2012

Effectiveness of amendments on the spread and phytotoxicity of contaminants in metal–arsenic polluted soil

Tratamento de solo

20

2012

Estimation of compressive strength of self compacting concrete containing polypropylene fiber and mineral additives exposed to high temperature using artificial neural network

Concreto

21

2012

Fatigue behavior of dense asphalt mixes in dry and environmental-conditioning states

Asfalto

22

2012

Fresh and hardened characteristics of self compacting concretes made with combined use of marble powder, limestone filler, and fly ash

Concreto

23

2012

Investigation of using granite sludge as filler in bituminous hot mixtures

Asfalto

24

2012

Preparation and characterization of glazes from combinations of different industrial wastes

Esmalte cerâmico

25

2012

Probabilistic analysis of Mode II fracture of concrete with crushed granite stone fine aggregate replacing sand

Concreto

26

2012

Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble

Bloco de concreto

27

2012

Properties of concrete prepared with low-grade recycled aggregates

Concreto

28

2012

Recycling of sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost and marble residues for brick manufacturing

Tijolo

29

2012

Self-compacting concrete incorporating filler additives: Performance at high temperatures

Concreto

30

2012

The effect of fly ash content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs)

Bloco de concreto

31

2012

The effect of mineral admixtures on mechanical properties, chloride ion permeability and impermeability of self-compacting concrete

Concreto

32

2012

Use of waste marble powder in brick industry

Tijolo

33

2013

An investigation on the influence of filler loading and compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene/marble sludge composites

Polímero

34

2013

Carbon mineralization, microbial activity and metal dynamics in tailing ponds amended with pig slurry and marble waste

Tratamento de solo

35

2013

Characteristics of natural rubber hybrid composites based on marble sludge/carbon black and marble sludge/rice husk derived silica

Compósito híbrido

36

2013

Compressive strength of fly ash magnesium oxychloride cement containing granite wastes

Cimento

37

2013

Granitic quarry sludge waste in mortar: Effect on strength and durability

Argamassa

38

2013

Historical plasterwork techniques inspire new formulations

Argamassa

39

2013

Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of concrete modified with granite dust

Concreto

40

2013

Polyester polymer concrete: Effect of the marble particle sizes and high gamma radiation doses

Concreto

41

2013

Properties of bricks made using fly ash, quarry dust and billet scale

Tijolo

42

2013

Strength and durability properties of concrete made with granite industry waste

Concreto

43

2013

Sustainability perspective of marble and granite residues as concrete fillers

Concreto

44

2013

The effect of silica on the properties of marble sludge filled hybrid natural rubber composites

Compósito híbrido

45

2014

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue as organic pollutant by marble dust as eco-friendly sorbent

Sorvente

46

2014

Assessment of marble waste utilization as an alternative sorbent to limestone for SO2 control

Sorvente

47

2014

Blending of industrial waste from different sources as partial substitution of Portland cement in pastes and mortars

Argamassa

48

2014

Durability performance of structural concrete containing fine aggregates from waste generated by marble quarrying industry

Concreto

49

2014

Effects of mineral powders on hydration process and hydration products in normal strength concrete

Concreto

50

2014

Lead separation by sorption onto powdered marble waste

Sorvente

51

2014

Methodology for the mix design of self-compacting concrete using different mineral additions in binary blends of powders

Concreto

52

2014

Performance evaluation of cement mortars containing marble dust and glass fiber exposed to high temperature by using Taguchi method

Argamassa

53

2014

Portland cement systems with addition of sewage sludge ash. Application in concretes for the manufacture of blocks

Bloco de concreto

54

2014

Reinforcement of natural rubber hybrid composites based on marble sludge/Silica and marble sludge/rice husk derived silica

Compósito híbrido

55

2014

Restoration of dump deposits from quarries in a Mediterranean climate using marble industry waste

Tratamento de solo

56

2014

Re-use of waste marble dust in the production of cement and concrete

Concreto

57

2014

The effects of marble wastes on soil properties and hazelnut yield

Tratamento de solo

58

2014

Use of waste marble and recycled aggregates in self-compacting concrete for environmental sustainability

Concreto

59

2014

Using marble wastes as a soil amendment for acidic soil neutralization

Tratamento de solo

60

2015

A study of the laboratory polishing behavior of granite as road surfacing aggregate

Asfalto

61

2015

An investigation on chloroprene-compatibilized acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/high density polyethylene blends

Polímero

62

2015

Changes in the chemical composition of an acidic soil treated with marble quarry and marble cutting wastes

Tratamento de solo

63

2015

Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials

Tijolo

64

2015

Effect of graphite and granite dust particulates as micro-fillers on tribological performance of Al 6061-T6 hybrid composites

Compósito híbrido

65

2015

Evaluation of industrial based adsorbents for simultaneous removal of arsenic and fluoride from drinking water

Tratamento de água

66

2015

Homogeneity of filler distribution within asphalt mix – A microscopic study

Asfalto

67

2015

Hybrid composites prepared from Industrial waste: Mechanical and swelling behavior

Compósito híbrido

68

2015

Incorporation of fillers from marble and tile wastes in the composition of self-compacting concretes

Concreto

69

2015

Mechanical activation of natural acidic igneous rocks for use in cement

Argamassa

70

2015

Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of cement mortar incorporating marble powder as partial replacement of cement

Argamassa

71

2015

Mechanical properties of structural concrete containing very fine aggregates from marble cutting sludge

Concreto

72

2015

Preparation and modification of nano calcium carbonate filler from waste marble dust and commercial limestone for papermaking wet end application

Papel

73

2015

Properties of cold bonded quarry dust coarse aggregates and its use in concrete

Agregado para construção civil

74

2015

Raw and treated marble wastes reuse as low cost materials for phosphorus removal from aqueous solutions: Efficiencies and mechanisms

Tratamento de água

75

2015

Sustainable use of marble slurry in concrete

Concreto

76

2015

Using marble sludge increases the success of dump deposit restoration under Mediterranean climate

Tratamento de solo

77

2015

Utilization of granulated marble wastes and waste bricks as mineral admixture in cemented paste backfill of sulphide-rich tailings

Cimento

78

2015

Utilization of hard rock dust with red clay to produce roof tiles

Telha

79

2016

Addition of quartzite residues on mortars: Analysis of the alkali aggregate reaction and the mechanical behavior

Argamassa

80

2016

Advancements in mechanical and physical properties for marble powder–cement composites strengthened by nanostructured graphite particles

Argamassa

81

2016

Clay-bricks from recycled rock tailings

Tijolo

82

2016

Durability properties of structural concrete containing very fine aggregates of marble sludge

Concreto

83

2016

Effect of granite dust on mechanical and some durability properties of manufactured sand concrete

Concreto

84

2016

Effect of low cost fillers on cement hydration

Concreto

85

2016

Effects of elevated temperature and water quenching on strength and microstructure of mortars with river sand substitutes

Argamassa

86

2016

Effects of marble sludge incorporation on the properties of cement composites and concrete paving blocks

Bloco de concreto

87

2016

Enhancement of concrete properties by waste physicochemical treatment sludge of travertine processing wastewater

Concreto

88

2016

Experimental investigation of surface modified EOF steel slag as coarse aggregate in concrete

Concreto

89

2016

Laboratory validation of a gradation design concept for sustainable applications of unbound granular materials in pavement construction

Pavimento na construção civil

90

2016

Lightweight aggregates from mixtures of granite wastes with clay

Agregado para construção civil

91

2016

Lightweight aggregates from waste materials: Reappraisal of expansion behavior and prediction schemes for bloating

Agregado para construção civil

92

2016

Metakaolin as a precursor of materials for applications in Cultural Heritage: Geopolymer-based mortars with ornamental stone aggregates

Argamassa

93

2016

Microbial growth and community structure in acid mine soils after addition of different amendments for soil reclamation

Tratamento de solo

94

2016

Performance of granite cutting waste concrete under adverse exposure conditions

Concreto

95

2016

Performance of sustainable concrete containing granite cutting waste

Concreto

96

2016

Potential of using granite waste as raw material for geopolymer synthesis

Polímero

97

2016

Preparation of calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cement from marble sludge waste

Cimento

98

2016

Production of price-competitive bricks using a high volume of stone powder sludge waste and blast furnace slag through cementless CaO activation

Tijolo

99

2016

Properties of NaOH activated geopolymer with marble, travertine and volcanic tuff wastes

Polímero

100

2016

Reinforcing concrete: comparison of filler effects

Concreto

101

2016

Removal of Cr(III) from chrome tanning wastewater by adsorption using two natural carbonaceous materials: Eggshell and powdered marble

Tratamento de água

102

2016

Reusing of marble and granite powders in self-compacting concrete for sustainable development

Concreto

103

2016

Rheological and mechanical properties of concrete containing crushed granite fine aggregate

Concreto

104

2016

Study of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars prepared with masonry waste powder as aggregate and diatomite/fly ash as mineral admixtures

Argamassa

105

2016

Sustainable utilization of granite cutting waste in high strength concrete

Concreto

106

2016

Crystallization behavior and properties of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics synthesized from granite wastes

Vidro-cerâmica

107

2016

Mineralogical study of granite waste in a pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system: Influence of the activation process

Cimento

108

2016

Using marble sludge and phytoextraction to remediate metal(loid) polluted soils

Tratamento de solo

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2016).

A tabela 2 traz a quantidade e a porcentagem de artigos publicados por periódico, com seu respectivo fator de impacto JCR, que é um dos indicadores mais usados para classificar os periódicos acadêmicos.

Tabela 2 – Artigos publicados por periódico.

Periódico

Quantidade de Artigos

Porcentagem

Fator de Impacto (JCR)

Construction and Building Materials

50

46,3%

2,883

Journal of Cleaner Production

15

14,0%

5,315

Ceramics International

5

4,7%

2,661

Applied Clay Science

3

2,8%

3,065

Chemosphere

3

2,8%

4,068

Journal of Advanced Research

3

2,8%

-

Journal of Environmental Management

3

2,8%

4,049

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

3

2,8%

3,458

Cement and Concrete Composites

2

1,9%

3,982

Ecological Engineering

2

1,9%

3,223

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

2

1,9%

2,749

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2016).

Nota-se tendência da área de aplicação na construção civil, sendo o periódico Construction and Building Materials o que possui o maior número de publicações, totalizando 50 artigos. Também se destaca o periódico Journal of Cleaner Production, com 15 publicações, o que confirma a tendência das pesquisas atuais em destinar corretamente esses resíduos.

A figura 1 ilustra o número de publicações por ano, com sua linha de tendência. Nota-se aumento no número de publicações na área. O aumento do número de publicações sugere que há a preocupação das pesquisas atuais em destinar corretamente esses resíduos.

Figura 1 - Quantidade de artigos publicados por ano.

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2016).

A figura 2 traz a quantidade de artigos publicados por área de aplicação. O gráfico evidencia um grande número de possibilidades distintas para o uso do RRO.

Figura 2 – Quantidade de artigos publicados por área de aplicação.

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2016).

Nota-se que a maior quantidade de aplicações estudada envolve o uso do RRO no desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis para a área de construção civil (concreto, argamassa, cimento, bloco, agregado e pavimento) totalizando 61 artigos, e para a área de materiais cerâmicos (tijolo, cerâmica, esmalte, ladrilho, vidro-cerâmica, telha e porcelana) totalizando 13 artigos. A área de tratamento de solo também se destaca com 10 artigos. As áreas menos pesquisadas são a que envolvem seu uso para fabricação de sorvente químico, pigmento inorgânico e papel, respectivamente.

A figura 3 traz o número de publicações por país, sendo que 12 países possuem apenas uma publicação, e não foram considerados no gráfico.

Figura 3 – Quantidade de artigos publicados por região.

Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores (2016).

Nota-se que a maior quantidade de publicações foi realizada na Turquia, Índia e Espanha,

Evidenciando uma forte relação entre estudos sobre RRO com os grandes produtores mundiais de rochas ornamentais, visto que os países citados são o 3º, 2º e 7º maiores produtores mundiais de rochas ornamentais. (Montani, 2014).

 

4. Conclusões

Constatou-se que há tendência de aumento no número de publicações envolvendo o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de rochas ornamentais nos últimos anos. Destaca-se a diversidade de destinação dos RRO apresentada nos artigos, com destaque para as aplicações envolvendo o desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis para a área de construção civil e materiais cerâmicos. Em relação aos periódicos nos quais esses artigos estão sendo publicados, nota-se a mesma tendência da área de construção civil, sendo o periódico Construction and Building Materials o que possui o maior número de publicações. Observou-se ainda que maior quantidade de publicações têm origem na Turquia.

 

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1. Graduanda em Engenharia de Produção. Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Cariacica. ericazmarinho@gmail.com

2. Mestre em Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais. Coordenadoria de Manutenção de Sistemas Metroferroviários. Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Cariacica. renancarreiro@ifes.edu.br

3. Engenheiro de Materiais, Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica. Coordenadoria de Mecânica. Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Vitória. andregsg@ifes.edu.br 


Revista ESPACIOS. ISSN 0798 1015
Vol. 38 (Nº 29) Año 2017

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